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Leather is made by treating animal hide or skin with a tanning agent. The resulting product possesses qualities that are different from those of the original hide or skin. After tanning, leather may be dyed to a desired color. After dyeing, leather may have a "finish" applied for protection and increased durability. The leather used in upholstery usually comes from cowhide, but pig and sheepskin may also be used. [Note: Ad links featured on this page are not affiliated with IICRC and should not be considered a recommendation or endorsement by IICRC.]
IICRC-Certified technicians can address cleaning of finished (protected) and unfinished leather. Unfinished (aniline, naked, nubuck, pure) leather may be dyed different colors, but it does not have a protective finish applied. When leather is unfinished, it is susceptible to soil absorption and damage by cleaning solutions. For this reason, technicians who have advanced training and experience with this material should clean unfinished leather.
When cleaning finished leather, the main concern is control of both pH and cleaning agent application so the finish is not damaged and natural oils in the leather are not removed. Alkaline cleaning solutions can damage leather finishes, as well as the leather itself. However, in heavy soiling situations, an alkaline cleaner may be the most effective agent to use. Technicians and customers should make decisions about the aggressiveness of the cleaning process to minimize the negative effect cleaning may have on the leather.
Dry solvents may be required to remove certain soils or stains. Their use should be followed by an application of leather conditioner to replenish natural oils.
Due to the nature of leather, different procedures and solutions should be used to clean it safely. Cleaning solutions should be chosen on the basis of soil levels and the likelihood of damage or change in the leather's original appearance or finish.
Cleaning and Care
Dry Soil Removal
Dry soil removal should take place prior to the application of leather cleaning agents.
Soil Suspension
Soil suspension fundamentals should be applied. Test the leather and lining materials for colorfastness before applying cleaning agents. The use of dry solvents must be limited due to the effect they may have on natural oils in leather, or on the finishes applied to its surface. Cleaning procedures should be adjusted on color-matched vinyl sections or panels that may be used on some leather upholstery.
Chemical Action
When cleaning heavily soiled leather, product label directions should be followed when applying preconditioning or pre-treatment agents. For normal soiling, a leather-cleaning solution should be evenly applied with a soft, colorfast cloth or sponge. Initially, the focus should be on ensuring a uniform application of solution over the entire surface; i.e., one cushion or section at a time.
Heat/ Temperature
Leather cleaning procedures seldom require heated solutions. Follow manufacturer recommendations for using heat with specific products.
Agitation
For uniform cleaning agent distribution and increased cleaning effectiveness, the preconditioner or cleaner must be worked into heavily soiled areas using a soft brush, colorfast towel, or sponge. Excessive agitation that might damage finishes or the leather itself should be avoided.
Time
It is recommended that the preconditioner or cleaner be allowed 5 to 10 minutes of dwell time before proceeding. Dwell time provides the opportunity for cleaners to fully emulsify or suspend stubborn soils. Exceptions may be made in cases where color testing reveals unstable dyes. In those cases soil removal should proceed immediately. Preconditioners should not be allowed to dry before soil extraction takes place.
Soil Removal (Extraction)
Soil removal should be accomplished by wiping with a dry absorbent towel, turning it frequently as its surfaces become soil saturated. Towels should be changed as they become saturated and no more soil can be absorbed. Repeat soil suspension and removal procedures, as required, or until additional cleaning is no longer beneficial.
Conditioning
Leather cleaning procedures may remove some natural oils. Therefore, conditioners should be applied to maintain the leather's integrity and pliability. Many leather cleaning products incorporate conditioners; however, if they do not, then a separate application is required. Follow product label instructions for conditioner application.
Grooming/Buffing
Protected leathers usually have a slight "shine" from the finishing process. Wear and/or cleaning may alter this finish. Following cleaning and conditioning, a clean, soft towel, or similar material may be used to buff the leather to restore the shine.
Drying Time
Drying time varies depending on the amount of moisture remaining after cleaning, and prevailing temperature and humidity conditions. Leather should be dried using ambient conditions of temperature and humidity within the home. Forced drying, especially using heat, is not recommended. In some cases, using a damp cloth to "feather out" water spots may help avoid water rings on leather. A hair dryer on a cool setting may be used to assist in drying localized spots evenly and to help return leather to its original appearance. Providing proper ventilation and air movement is highly recommended to expedite drying.
