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The International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH) 2011 report on infection risks associated with clothing and household linens, published in April 2011, has lead to concerns being raised in the media and elsewhere about the effectiveness of low temperature laundry processes in dealing with these risks.
In this 2011 report IFH concluded that: “Overall the weight of evidence presented in this report indicates that clothing and household linens are an important potential risk factor for transmission of infection in home and everyday life settings resulting from normal daily activities. The data suggest that the greatest risks occur immediately after contact with, or shedding from, an infected source. The full report can be found at: http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/IntegratedCRD.nsf/eb85eb9d8ecd365280257545005e8966/d0e3b0f361079f1780257865003d43b1?OpenDocument.
1. As stated in the IFH fact/advice sheet on laundry, IFH recommends the following conditions for laundering of clothing, household linens, etc:
- In situations where there is high risk (i.e. where someone in the home is infected - e.g. shedding pathogens in feces or from their skin - or there is someone who is particularly vulnerable to infection), underwear, clothing and household linens, such as bed linens and towels, should be washed at 140°F (60°C) or more using a bleach-based laundry product and following manufacturer’s instructions. This also applies to:
- Uniforms of healthcare workers which are laundered at home.
- Clothing which is heavily soiled e.g. with feces or vomit (including re-usable babies’ diapers).
- Sports clothing, particularly for high-contact sports such as football, judo, wrestling, etc.
- Cloths and towels used in the kitchen during food preparation.
All items of potentially contaminated laundry should be washed separately from other items. It is important that people wash their hands thoroughly after handling soiled laundry.
2. In view of the need to also take account of concerns about the environmental impact of high temperature laundry processes, for normal day-to-day situations:
- On the basis of current evidence IFH concludes that laundering of items which come into direct contact with the body (such as underclothing (including socks), towels, bed linens and other personal items) at 86-104°F (30-40°C) with a bleach-based laundry product (following dosage instructions) is sufficient to manage any risks.
- Laundering at 104°F (40°C) or less with a non bleach-based product is considered to carry a risk of inadequate decontamination, but is considered satisfactory for items of outer clothing such as jackets, skirts, trousers etc. which are considered as “low risk”.
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The International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (
