The process of saponification, in which a fat (such as tallow) or an oil (such as coconut oil) is treated with an alkali, producing a product that has surfactant, emulsification, dispersant, and suspension properties. Soap is mildly alkaline, making it well suited for personal cleaning products.
Synthetic detergents have largely replaced soaps for laundry and home use with the exception of the familiar bar soap in the bath and shower.
Reference:
Soap and Detergent Association.
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